Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Emphysema

Inflammatory process in which insult to alveoli results in influx of lymphocytes and macrophages. Proteolytic enzymes are released which destroy the alveolar structure resulting in a loss of elasticity. The tissue is replaced by a fibrotic lesion which cannot exhange air. Bronchioles collapse upon inhalation, resulting in the need to use accessory muscles to breath. Victims use up to 20% of their energy (compared to 5%) to breath. Smoking is the primary etiological agent, but the condition can be exacerbated by air pollutants.

Chronic Bronchitis

Inflammation of bronchioles defined by excessive mucus secretion, slowing of cilia, thickening of the mucosa and a persistent cough. Increased likelihood of upper respiratory tract infection and difficulty breathing.

Asthma

Hyperactivity (bronchospasm) of the bronchioles due to pollutants, infectious agents, cold air, emotional upset, exercise or allergens. Excessive secretion of mucus coupled with inappropriate constriction of bronchioles leads to wheezing and sometimes death. Chronic irritation can lead to mucosal thickening, edema, and inflammation similar to bronchitis.