Toxicology

• Toxicology, Chemical Safety and Allied Subjects Glossary

1. Introduction
• Introduction to Toxicology - Detailed tutorials. A good introduction to toxicology.
• Introduction to Applied Toxicology - An introduction designed as an independent study course. Includes a variety of facets of toxicology.
• Toxic Concepts - an Excellent Source of Toxicology information.
• Routes of Exposure - A good overview of the way that toxic chemicals get into the human body.
• Layman's Toxicology - A guide to toxicology terms.
• Project Greenskate - Learn about environmental toxicology in an interactive city park.
• What is Toxicology? - Good introduction.
• Toxicology and exposure guidelines
• Toxicology
• Toxicology - Classification of toxicants by response
• Toxic And Carcinongenic Chemicals
• Disposition of Toxicants - absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
• Toxicology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
• Drug Absorption Distribution and Excretion Part 1, Part 2
• Absorption Distribution and Elimination of toxicants - differences by species
2. What is toxic?
• Definition of toxic
• Toxic Effects
• A Complete Listing of Toxicants
• Toxicity - Quick overview of toxicity.
1. Historical: Paracelsus, 1590 A.D.
• Paracelsus simplified
• Paracelsus
1. The Dose-Response Relationship
• The Dose-Response Relationship - Excellent introduction to the dose response relationship.
• Simplified visual of the dose response relationship.
3. Acute vs. Chronic Toxicity
• Acute vs. Chronic Toxicity
• Acute and Chronic Toxicity - pesticide specific
• Dose and Dose Response
• Dose Response Relationships and concentration-response relationships
1. LD₅₀, Benchmark of acute toxicity studies.
• Interpreting Toxicity Values - Some LD50 values of chemicals for comparison.
• Tables for Approximate Accute LD₅₀ - some more comparison values.
• LD₅₀ Values of Snakes
• Relative Toxicicty of Pesticides
• Health and Safety Data - 2000 chemicals rated for toxicity, physical and chemical makeup, identifiers, etc.
2. Subchronic, chronic and cancer studies
3. Frequency distributions, probit analysis
• Dose-Response Relationships - Determining probit curves for ED₅₀ and LD₅₀ over poplutations.
1. Factors affecting toxicity
• Factors affecting toxicity - toxicity from the general to the cellular.
4. Absorption of Toxicants
• Toxicant Delivery
1. Sites of absorption of toxicants
• Routes of Human exposure
• Acute chemical exposure routes - Contains some information regarding acute chemical exposure and it's treatment. Note: This is actually a description of a website on specific chemicals.
2. Bioavailability of chemicals by dosage/route
• Bioavailability - definition.
• Bioavailability of magnesium - where and how it is absorbed.
• Bioavailability - several breif scientific artical summarys regarding aspects of bioavailability.
3. Single dose vs. chronic exposure
4. pH, size, lipophilicity
• Introduction to Biological Membranes
• Membrane Transport - how cells absorb and expell substances.
• Biotransformation - regarding the process of absorption and expulsion of toxicans.
5. Behavior of toxicants: oil & water
1. n-octanol/water partition coefficient
2. Bioconcentration and biomagnification
• Bioaccumulation - Describes bioconcentration as well
• Bioaccumulation
• Pesticides as water pollutants
• Bioconcentration Factor
• Bioconcentration  - A case study
• Toxicology for the citizen
• Ecological Effects
• Distribution and Specific Bioaccumulation of Butyltin Compounds in a Marine Ecosystem - Scientific Journal artical with full text.
6. Distribution of toxicants
• Distribution of toxicants in the body
1. Plasma to tissue partitionism
2. Xenobiotic reservoirs
1. Plasma proteins, esp. albumin
2. Tissue stores: liver, fat, etc.
3. Enterohepatic circulation
4. Apparent volume of distribution (Vd)
7. Metabolism
• Main Metabolic Pathways -- Be sure to try out the "PC" version.  Interactive.  Select the enzyme, etc., the computer locates it in the diagram.
• Detail of Metabolism
• Basic Concepts of Metabolism
• Metabolism
• Enzymes Involved in Xenobiotic Metabolism
• Factors affecting Drug Metabolism - how drugs and enzymes affect the metabolism.
• Metabolism - the workings of metabolism.
• Drug Input and Excretion
1. P-450 mixed function oxidase reactions (Phase I reactions)
• Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System - links- enzymes and their relation to drugs.
• Cytochrome P-450 - What is it? What does it do?
• Cytochrome P-450 Reference Tables
• What is cytochrome P-450 - Quick overview.
• Cytochrome P-450 Homepage - Very detailed. Describes the gene superfamily of cytochrome P-450.
• Toxicology - Biotransformation. The process of cytochrome P-450 biotransfer reactions in relation to PAH's.  
1. The gene superfamily
2. Inducibility upon exposure
3. Mechanism of oxygen introduction
2. Conjugation reactions
• Antibodies: Conjugation - Why conjugate?
• Introduction to Biotransformation
• Introduction to Biotransformation
• Biotransformation - definition
1. Glucose conjugation (UDP-GA)
• Extracting energy from glucose - Aerobic and Anerobic metabolism
2. Sulfate conjugation (PAPS)
• History of Xenobiotic Metabolism -- Conjugation-Sulfation
3. Methylation (SAM)
• Reduction and Methylation Mechanism of Oxyanions of Se (502 k)
4. Acetylation (Acetyl CoA)
• Acetylation - notes
1. Glycylation - a case study
2. Glutathione - see slides 74 through 77
3. Metallothionine
8. Bioactivation
1. Bioactivation - see slides 10-16
2. Bioactivation in the olfactory system
9. Excretion
• Excretion
• Urinary Excretion
• Concept Map of Excretion and other Life Purposes
• Excretion
• Excretion
1. Rates of excretion (one compartment)
• One and two compartment models
2. Two compartment models
3. P-glycoprotein - definition
4. Kidney filtration and secretion
5. Biliary excretion and cycling- in the rat
6. Pulmonary excretion of volatile metabolites
• Trichloroethene -- see excretion
• Pulmonary excretion